栾树Koelreuteria paniculata Laxm.

别名：杈棵子;木兰牙;五乌拉叶;灯笼花;黑叶树;山黄连树;栾花;木栏牙;乌叶树;灯笼树;黑叶子树;黄楝;栾棒;栾华;栾伞子;栾树花;铃铛子树;灯笼泡;摇钱树;木蓝叶;木蜡叶;马叶树;木兰芽;软棒;木栾叶;乌叶子;黄金树;大栾树;大夫树;木漆;木栾;乌拉胶;圆瓜木;黑色叶树;乌烂叶;石栾树;山黄栗头;山茶叶;木栾花;木栏芽;乌拉;goldenrain tree;

科名：无患子科 Sapindaceae

属名：栾树属 Koelreuteria

《中国植物志》第47(1)卷055页
  1. 栾树（正字通）木栾（救荒本草）、栾华（植物名实图考），五乌拉叶（甘肃），乌拉（河北），乌拉胶，黑色叶树（河北），石栾树（浙江），黑叶树、木栏牙（河南）图版：19: 1-5
  Koelreuteria paniculata Laxm. in Nov. Comm. Akad. Sci. Petrop. 16: 561-564, t. 18. 1772; Radlk. in Engler, Pflanzenr. 99 (IV. 165): 1330. 1933; 陈嵘, 中国树木分类学687. 1937; How et Ho in Acta Phytotax. Sinica 3: 405. 1955; 中国高等植物图鉴2: 723. 1972; Meyer in Journ. Arn. Arb. 37: 140: 1976.——Sapindus chinensis Murray, inn. Syst. Veg. ed. 13, 315. 1774.——Koelreuteria chinensis (Murray) Hoffmgg. Verzeich. flanzenkult. 70. 1824.——K. apiculata Rehd. et Wils. in Sargent, Pl. Wls. 2: 191. 1914.——K. paniculata Laxm. var. apiulata (Rehd. et Wils.) Rehd. in Journ. Arn. Arb 20: 418. 939——K. bipinnata Franch. var. apiculata How et Ho, op. cit. 407, 1955, excl. specim. Kweichow. et Kwangsi.
  落叶乔木或灌木；树皮厚，灰褐色至灰黑色，老时纵裂；皮孔小，灰至暗揭色；小枝具疣点，与叶轴、叶柄均被皱曲的短柔毛或无毛。叶丛生于当年生枝上，平展，一回、不完全二回或偶有为二回羽状复叶，长可达50厘米；小叶(7-)11-18片 (顶生小叶有时与最上部的一对小叶在中部以下合生)，无柄或具极短的柄，对生或互生，纸质，卵形、阔卵形至卵状披针形，长(3-)5-10厘米，宽3-6厘米，顶端短尖或短渐尖，基部钝至近截形，边缘有不规则的钝锯齿，齿端具小尖头，有时近基部的齿疏离呈缺刻状，或羽状深裂达中肋而形成二回羽状复叶，上面仅中脉上散生皱曲的短柔毛，下面在脉腋具髯毛，有时小叶背面被茸毛。聚伞圆锥花序长25-40厘米，密被微柔毛，分枝长而广展，在末次分枝上的聚伞花序具花3-6朵，密集呈头状；苞片狭披针形，被小粗毛；花淡黄色，稍芬芳；花梗长2.5-5毫米；萼裂片卵形，边缘具腺状缘毛，呈啮蚀状；花瓣4，开花时向外反折，线状长圆形，长5-9毫米，瓣爪长1-2.5毫米，被长柔毛，瓣片基部的鳞片初时黄色，开花时橙红色，参差不齐的深裂，被疣状皱曲的毛；雄蕊8枚，在雄花中的长7-9毫米，雌花中的长4-5毫米，花丝下半部密被白色、开展的长柔毛；花盘偏斜，有圆钝小裂片；子房三棱形，除棱上具缘毛外无毛，退化子房密被小粗毛。蒴果圆锥形，具3棱，长4-6厘米，顶端渐尖，果瓣卵形，外面有网纹，内面平滑且略有光泽；种子近球形，直径6-8毫米。花期6-8月，果期9-10月。
  产我国大部分省区，东北自辽宁起经中部至西南部的云南。世界各地有栽培。
  耐寒耐旱，常栽培作庭园观赏树。木材黄白色，易加工，可制家具；叶可作蓝色染料，花供药用，亦可作黄色染料。

《Flora of China》 Vol. 12 (2007)
Koelreuteria paniculata  Laxmann
栾树   luan shu
Koelreuteria apiculata Rehder & E. H. Wilson; K. bipinnata Franchet var. apiculata F. C. How & C. N. Ho; K. chinensis (Murray) Hoffmannsegg; K. paniculata var. apiculata (Rehder & E. H. Wilson) Rehder; K. paniculata var. lixianensis H. L. Tsiang; Sapindus chinensis Murray.
Trees or shrubs, deciduous. Bark grayish brown to black, stout, fissured when dry; lenticels gray to dark brown, small; branches tuberculate, appressed pubescent or glabrous with axes and petioles. Leaves fascicled on young branches, spreading, pinnate, imperfectly bipinnate, or sometimes bipinnate, to 50 cm; leaflets (7-)11-18 (terminal one sometimes connate with uppermost pair below middle), sessile or very shortly petiolate, opposite or alternate, ovate or broadly ovate to ovate-lanceolate, (3-)5-10 × 3-6 cm, papery, abaxially barbate on vein axils, sometimes tomentose, or densely pale yellow pubescent, adaxially scattered appressed pubescent on midvein, base obtuse to subtruncate, apex acute or shortly acuminate, margin irregularly obtusely serrate, teeth mucronate at tips, sometimes teeth near base sparse and fissured, or pinnately lobed. Thyrses 25-40 cm, densely pilosulose, branches spreading and long, cymes on last branches 3-6-flowered, densely arranged and capitate; bracts narrowly lanceolate, scabrous-hairy. Flowers pale yellow, slightly fragrant. Pedicels 2.5-5 mm. Sepals ovate, margin glandular ciliate, erose. Petals 4, reflexed when flowering, linear-oblong, 5-9 mm, claw 1-2.5 mm, villous; scale yellow at first, orange when flowering, irregularly fissured, tuberculate, appressed hairy. Stamens 8, 7-9 mm in male flowers, 4-5 mm in female ones; filaments densely spreading white villous at lower half. Disk oblique, with obtuse lobes. Ovary trigonous, glabrous except on ridges; rudimentary ovary densely hispidulous. Capsules conical, 4-6 cm, 3-ridged, apex acuminate; carpels ovoid, abaxially reticulate veined, adaxially smooth and slightly shiny. Seeds subglobose, 6-8 mm in diam. Fl. Jun-Aug, fr. Sep-Oct.
● Anhui, Gansu, Hebei, Henan, Liaoning, Shaanxi, Shandong, Sichuan, Yunnan [widely cultivated elsewhere].
This species is used as an ornamental and for timber.