西府海棠Malus micromalus Makino

别名：Kaido crab apple;小果海棠;

科名：蔷薇科 Rosaceae

属名：苹果属 Malus

《中国植物志》第36卷386页
  11. 西府海棠（群芳谱） 海红（本草纲目），小果海棠（华北经济植物志要），子母海棠（河北土名）
  Malus micromalus Makino in Bot. Mag. Tokyo 22: 69. 1908; Rehd. in Sarg. Pl. Wils. 2: 290. 1915; Nakai, Fl. Sylv. Kor. 6: 39. t. 13. 1916; Koidz. in Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 3: 192. 1934; 陈嵘, 中国树木分类学 419. 1937; 俞德浚、阎振茏, 植物分类学报 5: 96. 图版12. 1956; Steward, Man. Vass. Pl. Lower Yangtze Valley 172. 1958; 北京师范大学, 北京植物志上册 396. 图343. 1962; 中国高等植物图鉴 2: 237. 图2204. 1972. —— Malus spectabilis var. kaido Sieb. Cat. Raison 1856: 5. 1856. nom. nud. —— Malus microcarpa var. kaido Carr. Et. Pomm. Microcarp. 70. 1883. —— Malus spectabilis var. micromalus Koidz. in sched. ex Koidz. in Journ. Coll. Sci. Univ. Tokyo 34(2): 89. 1913. pro syn. —— Pyrus micromalus Bailey in Rhodora 18: 155. 1916; Card. in Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris 24: 67. 1918. —— Malus kaido auct. non Dippel 1893: Parde, Arb. Nat. Barres 189. 1906; Koidz. in Bot. Mag. Tokyo 30: 329. 1916.
  小乔木，高达2.5-5米，树枝直立性强；小枝细弱圆柱形，嫩时被短柔毛，老时脱落，紫红色或暗褐色，具稀疏皮孔；冬芽卵形，先端急尖，无毛或仅边缘有绒毛，暗紫色。叶片长椭圆形或椭圆形，长5-10厘米，宽2.5-5厘米，先端急尖或渐尖，基部楔形稀近圆形，边缘有尖锐锯齿，嫩叶被短柔毛，下面较密，老时脱落；叶柄长2-3.5厘米；托叶膜质，线状披针形，先端渐尖，边缘有疏生腺齿，近于无毛，早落。伞形总状花序，有花4-7朵，集生于小枝顶端，花梗长2-3厘米，嫩时被长柔毛，逐渐脱落；苞片膜质，线状披针形，早落；花直径约4厘米；萼筒外面密被白色长绒毛；萼片三角卵形，三角披针形至长卵形，先端急尖或渐尖，全缘，长5-8毫米，内面被白色绒毛，外面较稀疏，萼片与萼筒等长或稍长；花瓣近圆形或长椭圆形，长约1.5厘米，基部有短爪，粉红色；雄蕊约20，花丝长短不等，比花瓣稍短；花柱5，基部具绒毛，约与雄蕊等长。果实近球形，直径1-1.5厘米，红色，萼洼梗洼均下陷，萼片多数脱落，少数宿存。花期4-5月，果期8-9月。
  产辽宁、河北、山西、山东、陕西、甘肃、云南。海拔100-2400米。
  为常见栽培的果树及观赏树。树姿直立，花朵密集。果味酸甜，可供鲜食及加工用。栽培品种很多，果实形状、大小、颜色和成熟期均有差别，所以有热花红、冷花红、铁花红、紫海棠、红海棠、老海红、八楞海棠等名称。华北有些地区用作苹果或花红的砧木，生长良好，比山荆子抗旱力强。
  本种与前列的海棠花 M. spectabilis (Ait.) Borkh. 极近似，其区别在叶片形状较狭长，基部楔形，叶边锯齿稍锐，叶柄细长，果实基部下陷。据 A. Rehder 推断，本种是由山荆子和海棠花杂交而成 ( M. baccata × M. spectabilis )。此外有些种类，果形较大，果梗细长，萼片无毛，部分宿存或脱落，另名为 M. robusta (Carr.) Rehd., 并推断为山荆子与楸子杂交而成 ( M. baccata × M. prunifolia )。这些种类来源于天然或人工杂交，形态变异很大，不易区分，在我国果品名称中，海棠的品种极为复杂，尚待研究统一。在植物分类中，暂以西府海棠 M. micromalus Makino 一名概括之，不再分列为多种，以免引起混乱。

《Flora of China》 Vol. 9 (2003)
Malus x micromalus  Makino
西府海棠   xi fu hai tang
Malus domestica Borkhausen var. micromalus (Makino) Likhonos; M. microcarpa A. Savatier var. kaido (Siebold) Carrière; M. spectabilis Borkhausen var. kaido Siebold; M. spectabilis var. micromalus (Makino) Koidzumi; Pyrus micromalus (Makino) Makino.
Trees small, to 2.5–5 m tall. Branchlets purplish brown or dark brown, terete, slender, puberulous when young, glabrescent; buds dark purple, ovoid, glabrous, or scales tomentose at margin. Stipules caducous, linear-lanceolate, 4–6 mm, membranous, subglabrous, margin sparsely glandular denticulate, apex acuminate; petiole 2–3.5 cm, pubescent when young, glabrescent; leaf blade narrowly elliptic or elliptic, 5–10 × 2.5–5 cm, puberulous when young, glabrescent, base cuneate, rarely subrounded, margin serrate, apex acute or acuminate. Corymb umbel-like, 4–6 cm in diam., 4–7-flowered; bracts caducous, linear-lanceolate, membranous, margin entire, apex acuminate. Pedicel 2–3 cm, villous when young, glabrescent. Flowers ca. 4 mm in diam. Hypanthium white tomentose abaxially. Sepals triangular-ovate or triangular-lanceolate, 5–8 mm, ca. as long as or slightly shorter than hypanthium, abaxially pubescent, adaxially white tomentose, margin entire, apex acute or shortly acuminate. Petals pink, suborbicular or narrowly elliptic, ca. 1.5 cm, base shortly clawed, apex rounded. Stamens ca. 20, unequal, slightly shorter than petals. Styles 5, ca. as long as stamens, tomentose basally. Pome red, subglobose, 1–1.5 cm in diam.; impressed at apex, with cavity at base; fruiting pedicel 2–3 cm, subglabrous; sepals caducous or a few persistent. Fl. Apr–May, fr. Aug–Sep. 2n = 34*, 51*.
Commonly cultivated. Gansu, Guizhou, Hebei, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Yunnan, Zhejiang.
According to Bean (Trees Shrubs Hardy Brit. Isles, ed. 8, 2: 710), this taxon is a hybrid between Malus spectabilis and probably M. baccata.
In N China, this taxon is usually planted in gardens and parks for ornamental purposes and for its edible fruit. It is used as stock to graft Malus asiatica and M. pumila in some regions.