日本冷杉Abies firma Siebold et Zuccarini

科名：松科 Pinaceae

属名：冷杉属 Abies

《中国植物志》第7卷067页
  6. 日本冷杉（通用名）
  Abies firma Sieb. et Zucc. Fl. Jap. 2: 15. t. 107. 1842; Carr. Traite Conif. ed. 2. 286. 1867; Kent, Veitch’s Man. Conif. ed. 2. 506. f. 130-132. 1900; Beissn. Handb. Nadelh. ed. 2. 143. f. 28. 1909, Beissn. u. Fit-sch. ibidem ed. 3. 13. f. 26. 1930; Clinton-Baker, Illustr. Conif. 2: 12, cum tab. 1909; Wils. Conif. Taxad. Jap. 54. t. 35-36. 1916; Rehd. Man. Cult. Trees and Shrub 32. 1927, ed. 2. 13. 1940, et Bibliogr, 8. 1949; Viguie et Gaussen in Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Toulouse 58: 344. f. 1-19. 1929, et in Trav. Lab. Forest. Toulouse Ⅱ, 1(1): 166. f. 1-19. 1929; Dallimoreand Jackson, Handb. Conif. ed. 3. 133, 1948, rev. Harrison, Handb. Conif. and. Ginkgo. ed. 4. 54. 1966; Iwata and Kusaka, Illustr. Conif. Jap. 109. 1952; Ohwi, Fl. Jap. 41. 1956, ibidem 112. 1965; 郑万钧等, 中国树木学 1: 126. 1961; Matz. in Fl. et Syst. Pl. Vascul. 13: 46. 1964; S. Y. Hu in Taiwania 10: 43. 1964; T. S. Liu, Monogr. Genus Abies 114. t. 2. 52c. 1971. ——Abies bifida Sieb. et Zucc. Fl. Jap. 2: 18. t. 109. 1842. ——Pinus firma (Sieb. et Zucc.) Ant. Conif. 70. t. 27. 1846. ——Pinus bifida (Sieb et Zucc.) Ant. l. c. 79. t. 31. 1846. ——Abies firma Sieb. et Zucc. var. bifida (Sieb. et Zucc.) Mast. in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 18: 514. 1881.
  乔木，在原产地高达50米，胸径达2米；树皮暗灰色或暗灰黑色，粗糙，成鳞片状开裂；大枝通常平展，树冠塔形；一年生枝淡灰黄色，凹槽中有细毛或无毛，二、三年生枝淡灰色或淡黄灰色; 冬芽卵圆形，有少量树脂。叶条形，直或微弯，长2-3.5厘米, 稀达5厘米，宽3-4毫米，近于辐射伸展，或枝条上面的叶向上直伸或斜展，枝条两 侧及下面之叶列成两列，先端钝而微凹（幼树之叶在枝上列成两列，先端二裂），上面光绿色，下面有2条灰白色气孔带；横切面上面皮下层细胞二层，外层不连续排列，内层仅有数枚皮下层细胞，两端边缘有一层连续排列的皮下层细胞，下面中部一层，或有数枚疏生的皮下层细胞形成第二层，壮龄树及果枝之叶的树脂道4个(2个中生，2个边生）或仅有2个中生树脂道，幼树之叶有2个边生的树脂道，稍大的树上之叶有2个中生的树脂道。球果圆柱形，长12-15厘米，基部较宽，成熟前绿色，熟时黄褐 色或灰褐色；中部种鳞扇状四方形，长1.2-2.2厘米，宽1.7-2.8厘米；苞鳞外露，通常较种鳞为长，先端有骤凸的尖头；种翅楔状长方形，较种子为长；子叶3-5(多为4)枚，条形，长1.8-2.5厘米，宽约2毫米，先端钝或微凹，初生叶长1.2-1.8厘米，宽1.5-2毫米，先端钝尖，微缺或二裂。花期4-5月，球果10月成熟。
  原产日本。我国辽宁旅顺、山东青岛、江苏南京、浙江莫干山、江西庐山及台湾等地种栽培作庭园树，生长良好。在上列引种地区可选作造林树种，木材可供家具、建筑等用材。

《Flora of China》 Vol. 4 (1999)
Abies firma  Siebold & Zuccarini
日本冷杉   ri ben leng shan
Abies bifida Siebold & Zuccarini; A. firma var. bifida (Siebold & Zuccarini) Masters.
Trees to 50 m tall; trunk to 2 m d.b.h.; bark black, rough, scaly, fissured; crown pyramidal; branchlets grayish yellow, turning light gray or yellowish gray in 2nd or 3rd year, glabrous, or puberulent in groove; winter buds ovoid, slightly resinous. Leaves almost radially spreading or ascending on upper side of branchlets, pectinately arranged in 2 lateral sets on lower side, bright green adaxially, linear, 2-3.5(-5) cm × 3-4 mm, stomatal lines in 2 white bands abaxially, resin canals 2, median, sometimes also 2 marginal canals in leaves of cone-bearing branchlets, apex emarginate or obtuse. Seed cones green, maturing yellow- or gray-brown, cylindric, 12-15 cm. Seed scales flabellate-trapeziform, 1.2-2.2 × 1.7-2.8 cm. Bracts usually exserted, apex with abrupt, acute cusp. Seeds with cuneate-oblong wing. Pollination Apr-May, seed maturity Oct.
Cultivated. Jiangsu (Nanjing Shi), Jiangxi (Lu Shan), Liaoning, Shandong (Qingdao Shi), Taiwan [native to Japan]