三开瓢Adenia cardiophylla (Mast.) Engl.
三开瓢Adenia cardiophylla (Mast.) Engl.
2.三开瓢（云南植物志）三瓢果、假瓜蒌、肉杜仲、红牛白皮（云南）
Adenia cardiophylla (Mast.) Engl. in Bot. Jahrb. 14: 376 1891; Wilde in Van Steenis, Fl. Malesiana 7 (2): 418. 1972, in nota; S. Y. Bao in Acta Phytotax. Sin. 22 (1): 62. 1984. ——Modecca cardiophylla Mast. in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 2: 602. 1879. Aden is Sp. C. Y. Wu in Acta Phytotax. Sin. 6: 236. 1957, in nota.
木质大藤本，长约8-12米；茎圆柱形，无毛，具线条纹。叶纸质，宽卵形或卵圆形，长10-23厘米，宽7-18厘米，先端急尖，基部心形，嫩枝叶全缘，老枝叶2-3裂，叶脉4-5对，小脉横出，平行，两面可见；叶柄长5-15厘米，顶端有2个大的杯状腺体。聚伞花序腋生，成对着生于长梗顶端，具极长的卷曲花梗或形成卷须。花两性者；花萼管坛状，长9-10毫米，外面被有红色斑纹，裂片5，反折、卵状三角形；花瓣5，长圆匙形，长6毫米，有红色斑纹，着生萼管喉部；副花冠裂片匙形，长仅0.7毫米，顶端2浅裂；雄蕊5枚，花药圆锥形，长3-4毫米，花丝中部以下合生成管；子房椭圆球形，柱头3枚，无柄，反折，花为单性者，雄花：花瓣长圆形；子房无柄，极退化；雌花：花瓣着生萼管中部以下，柱头皆有短花柱。蒴果纺锤形，长6-8厘米，直径2-3厘米，室背三瓣开裂，熟时深红黄色带紫，外果皮木质，中果皮海绵质白色，果瓤黄白色；果梗长2-3厘米；种子多数，长7-9毫米，黑褐色，有网纹及凹窝。花期5月，果期8-10月。
产云南。生于海拔500-1800米的山坡密林中。不丹、印度、缅甸、泰国、老挝、柬埔寨、越南、印度尼西亚、菲律宾均有分布。
G. Cusset ( 1967) in Fl. Cambodge Laos Vietnam 5: 145. 曾将Adenia cardiophyllaEngl.并入Adenia parviflora (Bl.) G. Cusset; 而De Wilde (1972) ；并未采纳这个意见，其理由是A. cardiophylla Engl.外果皮木质，粗厚，仍作为独立种。笔者根据对中国标本的研究，同意De Wilde的意见，因为不仅果实有显著的差异，且叶形也有明显的不同，本种叶为宽卵形，基部心形。
种中文名：三开瓢
种拉丁名：Adenia cardiophylla (Mast.) Engl.
科中文名：西番莲科
科拉丁名：Passifloraceae
属中文名：蒴莲属
属拉丁名：Adenia
国内分布：产云南
国外分布：不丹、印度、缅甸、泰国、老挝、越南、印度尼西亚、菲律宾均有分布
海 拔：500-1800
命名来源：(云南植物志)[]
【药 名】：三开瓢
【拼 音】：SANKAIPIAO
【来 源】：为西番莲科植物三开瓢的藤茎及根。
【功 效】：清热解毒 、活血散瘀。
【主 治】：用于乳痈初起，胸内热痰。
【性味归经】：甘、微苦，寒。心、肺、肝三经。
【用法用量】：内服：煎汤，6-9克。
【别 名】：肉杜仲(《新华本草纲要》)、红牛白皮(云南大理)、假瓜篓(《中国高等植物图鉴补编第二册》)
【拉丁名】：三开瓢 Adenia paxviflora (Blanco) Cusset
【考 证】：始载于《云南、中国高等植物图鉴补编第二册》。
《Flora of China》 Vol. 13 (2007)
Adenia cardiophylla (Masters) Engler
三开瓢 san kai piao
Modecca cardiophylla Masters in J. D. Hooker, Fl. Brit. India 2: 602. 1879.
Canopy lianas, to 25 m long. Stems terete, to 8 cm in diam.; internodes 5-15 cm; tendrils to 20 cm. Stipules darkening with age, narrowly triangular, ca. 1 × 0.5 mm; petiole 3-12 cm, glands at blade-petiole junction 2, on concave ca. 4 mm in diam. auriculate extensions at apex of petiole, 2-3 mm in diam.; leaf blade cordate, rarely (2 or)3-lobed, 7-25 × 5-19 cm, membranous, not punctate, tertiary and secondary veins raised abaxially, venules distinctly trabeculate, veins from arcuate laterals parallel, base of mature leaves cordate, margins of mature leaves with irregularly spaced black-tipped glandular serrations, apex acute to acuminate, with mucro. Plants dioecious. Inflorescences with tendril emerging from center, pedunculate to 18 cm, to 30-flowered in males, 1-3-flowered in females; bracts and bracteoles triangular, ca. 1 mm, acute. Pedicel 0.5-10 mm. Flowers tubiform-campanulate, 9-25 × 3-8 mm, including stipe 6-12 mm. Hypanthium cupuliform, wall fleshy-leathery, ca. 0.75 mm thick, 6-10 mm deep. Calyx tube 0.5-3 mm; lobes narrowly triangular, 4-6 mm, rounded to acute, entire. Petals deltoid to lanceolate, 3-5 × ca. 2.5 mm, red punctate, rounded to acute, entire. Septa to 2 mm high. Corona absent. Disk glands linear, to 1 mm high, truncate. Male flowers: filaments 0.5-5.5 mm, connate up to 4 mm, inserted at base of hypanthium; anthers ca. 5 × 1.5 mm, acute, up to 0.5 mm apiculate; vestigial ovary to 3 mm, gynophore ca. 1 mm. Female flowers: staminodes 2-3 mm, connate for ca. 1 mm, inserted at base of hypanthium; ovary ellipsoid, ca. 4 × 4 mm; gynophore to 4 mm; style arms ca. 1 mm, connate for ca. 1 mm; stigmas laciniate. Capsules 1 or 2 per inflorescence, outside deep red at dehiscence, pear-shaped, fruit to 11 cm with gynophore to 7.5 cm, exocarp woody, mesocarp and endocarp spongy. Seeds to 40 per capsule, reniform; funicles of seeds 1-2 cm. Fl. Apr-Sep, fr. Jun-Nov.
Mixed forests, scrub; (800-)1000-2000 m. Yunnan [?Bhutan, Cambodia, India, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam].
别名：三瓢果;红牛白皮;肉杜仲;心叶蒴莲;假瓜蒌;
科名：西番莲科 Passifloraceae
属名：蒴莲属 Adenia
2.三开瓢（云南植物志）三瓢果、假瓜蒌、肉杜仲、红牛白皮（云南）
Adenia cardiophylla (Mast.) Engl. in Bot. Jahrb. 14: 376 1891; Wilde in Van Steenis, Fl. Malesiana 7 (2): 418. 1972, in nota; S. Y. Bao in Acta Phytotax. Sin. 22 (1): 62. 1984. ——Modecca cardiophylla Mast. in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 2: 602. 1879. Aden is Sp. C. Y. Wu in Acta Phytotax. Sin. 6: 236. 1957, in nota.
木质大藤本，长约8-12米；茎圆柱形，无毛，具线条纹。叶纸质，宽卵形或卵圆形，长10-23厘米，宽7-18厘米，先端急尖，基部心形，嫩枝叶全缘，老枝叶2-3裂，叶脉4-5对，小脉横出，平行，两面可见；叶柄长5-15厘米，顶端有2个大的杯状腺体。聚伞花序腋生，成对着生于长梗顶端，具极长的卷曲花梗或形成卷须。花两性者；花萼管坛状，长9-10毫米，外面被有红色斑纹，裂片5，反折、卵状三角形；花瓣5，长圆匙形，长6毫米，有红色斑纹，着生萼管喉部；副花冠裂片匙形，长仅0.7毫米，顶端2浅裂；雄蕊5枚，花药圆锥形，长3-4毫米，花丝中部以下合生成管；子房椭圆球形，柱头3枚，无柄，反折，花为单性者，雄花：花瓣长圆形；子房无柄，极退化；雌花：花瓣着生萼管中部以下，柱头皆有短花柱。蒴果纺锤形，长6-8厘米，直径2-3厘米，室背三瓣开裂，熟时深红黄色带紫，外果皮木质，中果皮海绵质白色，果瓤黄白色；果梗长2-3厘米；种子多数，长7-9毫米，黑褐色，有网纹及凹窝。花期5月，果期8-10月。
产云南。生于海拔500-1800米的山坡密林中。不丹、印度、缅甸、泰国、老挝、柬埔寨、越南、印度尼西亚、菲律宾均有分布。
G. Cusset ( 1967) in Fl. Cambodge Laos Vietnam 5: 145. 曾将Adenia cardiophyllaEngl.并入Adenia parviflora (Bl.) G. Cusset; 而De Wilde (1972) ；并未采纳这个意见，其理由是A. cardiophylla Engl.外果皮木质，粗厚，仍作为独立种。笔者根据对中国标本的研究，同意De Wilde的意见，因为不仅果实有显著的差异，且叶形也有明显的不同，本种叶为宽卵形，基部心形。
种中文名：三开瓢
种拉丁名：Adenia cardiophylla (Mast.) Engl.
科中文名：西番莲科
科拉丁名：Passifloraceae
属中文名：蒴莲属
属拉丁名：Adenia
国内分布：产云南
国外分布：不丹、印度、缅甸、泰国、老挝、越南、印度尼西亚、菲律宾均有分布
海 拔：500-1800
命名来源：(云南植物志)[]
【药 名】：三开瓢
【拼 音】：SANKAIPIAO
【来 源】：为西番莲科植物三开瓢的藤茎及根。
【功 效】：清热解毒 、活血散瘀。
【主 治】：用于乳痈初起，胸内热痰。
【性味归经】：甘、微苦，寒。心、肺、肝三经。
【用法用量】：内服：煎汤，6-9克。
【别 名】：肉杜仲(《新华本草纲要》)、红牛白皮(云南大理)、假瓜篓(《中国高等植物图鉴补编第二册》)
【拉丁名】：三开瓢 Adenia paxviflora (Blanco) Cusset
【考 证】：始载于《云南、中国高等植物图鉴补编第二册》。
《Flora of China》 Vol. 13 (2007)
Adenia cardiophylla (Masters) Engler
三开瓢 san kai piao
Modecca cardiophylla Masters in J. D. Hooker, Fl. Brit. India 2: 602. 1879.
Canopy lianas, to 25 m long. Stems terete, to 8 cm in diam.; internodes 5-15 cm; tendrils to 20 cm. Stipules darkening with age, narrowly triangular, ca. 1 × 0.5 mm; petiole 3-12 cm, glands at blade-petiole junction 2, on concave ca. 4 mm in diam. auriculate extensions at apex of petiole, 2-3 mm in diam.; leaf blade cordate, rarely (2 or)3-lobed, 7-25 × 5-19 cm, membranous, not punctate, tertiary and secondary veins raised abaxially, venules distinctly trabeculate, veins from arcuate laterals parallel, base of mature leaves cordate, margins of mature leaves with irregularly spaced black-tipped glandular serrations, apex acute to acuminate, with mucro. Plants dioecious. Inflorescences with tendril emerging from center, pedunculate to 18 cm, to 30-flowered in males, 1-3-flowered in females; bracts and bracteoles triangular, ca. 1 mm, acute. Pedicel 0.5-10 mm. Flowers tubiform-campanulate, 9-25 × 3-8 mm, including stipe 6-12 mm. Hypanthium cupuliform, wall fleshy-leathery, ca. 0.75 mm thick, 6-10 mm deep. Calyx tube 0.5-3 mm; lobes narrowly triangular, 4-6 mm, rounded to acute, entire. Petals deltoid to lanceolate, 3-5 × ca. 2.5 mm, red punctate, rounded to acute, entire. Septa to 2 mm high. Corona absent. Disk glands linear, to 1 mm high, truncate. Male flowers: filaments 0.5-5.5 mm, connate up to 4 mm, inserted at base of hypanthium; anthers ca. 5 × 1.5 mm, acute, up to 0.5 mm apiculate; vestigial ovary to 3 mm, gynophore ca. 1 mm. Female flowers: staminodes 2-3 mm, connate for ca. 1 mm, inserted at base of hypanthium; ovary ellipsoid, ca. 4 × 4 mm; gynophore to 4 mm; style arms ca. 1 mm, connate for ca. 1 mm; stigmas laciniate. Capsules 1 or 2 per inflorescence, outside deep red at dehiscence, pear-shaped, fruit to 11 cm with gynophore to 7.5 cm, exocarp woody, mesocarp and endocarp spongy. Seeds to 40 per capsule, reniform; funicles of seeds 1-2 cm. Fl. Apr-Sep, fr. Jun-Nov.
Mixed forests, scrub; (800-)1000-2000 m. Yunnan [?Bhutan, Cambodia, India, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam].
