狭叶求米草Oplismenus undulatifolius (Arduino) Beauv. var. imbecillis (R.Br.) Hack.
科名：禾本科 Gramineae
属名：求米草属 Oplismenus
《Flora of China》 Vol. 22 (2006)
Oplismenus undulatifolius var. imbecillis (R. Brown) Hackel
狭叶求米草 xia ye qiu mi cao
Orthopogon imbecillis R. Brown, Prodr. 194. 1810; Oplis-menus imbecillis (R. Brown) Roemer & Schultes; O. imbecillis var. morrisonensis Honda; Panicum imbecille (R. Brown) Trinius.
Leaf sheaths glabrous and smooth, or ciliate along the margins; leaf blades narrowly lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, 4–9 × 0.5–1 cm, glabrous or puberulous. Inflorescence axis glabrous. Spikelets usually pilose. Fl. and fr. Aug–Nov.
Hill slopes, moist grasslands. Anhui, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Japan].
- 濠电姷鏁告慨鐑姐€傞鐐潟闁哄洢鍨圭壕缁樼箾閹寸偞鐨戦柣顓熸崌閺屻倗绮欑捄銊ょ驳濠电偛鎳愭繛鈧柡灞剧椤﹁櫕銇勯妸銉﹀殗闁诡喖娼￠獮鍡涒€栭浣诡棃闁轰礁鍟撮崺鈧い鎺戝閸婅埖绻濋棃娑卞剰闁稿被鍔戦弻鐔虹磼閵忕姵鐏嶉梺缁樻尰濞茬喖鎮￠锕€鐐婇柕濠忕畱閺嗘鏌ら崣澶屽⒌婵﹥妞藉畷顐﹀礋椤旂⒈浼冮梻浣侯攰濞呮洟鏁嬪銈嗘穿缂嶄線銆佸Δ鍛妞ゆ劑鍊ら崥瀣繆閻愵亜鈧牕顫忔繝姘；闁规崘顕х粻鐔兼煙闂傚鍔嶉柍閿嬪灥闇夐柛蹇氬亹閹冲懐绱掓径濠勫煟闁哄瞼鍠栧畷娆撳Χ閸℃浼� [04-07]
- 闂傚倸鍊搁崐鐑芥嚄閸撲礁鍨濇い鏍亼閳ь剙鍟村畷銊р偓娑櫭禍閬嶆椤愩垺澶勭紒瀣灩缁粯绻濆顓犲幗闂佽鍎抽崯鍧楁儊閵婏妇绠鹃柟鍓ф嚀閸氬綊鏌嶈閸撴瑧绮诲澶婄？闁告浼濆ú顏勎у璺猴功閸橀亶姊洪崫鍕枆闁告ü绮欓幃锟犲即閵忥紕鍘繝銏ｅ煐閿氶柡瀣⊕椤ㄣ儵鎮欓幖顓熺暭闂侀€炲苯澧い鏃€鐗犲畷鏉课旈崘锝呬壕缂佹绋戦崯鐐电磽濮橆兘鏀介柣妯虹枃婢规ḿ绱掗悪鈧崹鍫曞箖濮椻偓閹瑩妫冨☉妤€顥氶梻浣规偠閸婃洟鏁冮鍫濊摕闁挎繂鐗忛悿鈧梺鍝勬川閸嬫﹢骞嬮悜鑺モ拺缂佸顑欓崕鎰暆閿濆懏鍋ユ鐐插暣椤㈡岸鍩€椤掑嫬钃熼柛鈩冾殢閸氬鏌涘☉鍗炴珮婵☆偆鍠栧缁樻媴缁涘缍堝銈嗘⒐閻楃姴鐣烽幎绛嬫晩闁秆勬皑缁辨澘鈹戦瑙掑綊宕洪弽顓熷亗闁告劦鍠楅悡蹇擃熆閼哥數娲存俊缁㈠櫍閺岋綁骞樼€靛憡鍒涢梺鍝勮嫰缁夌兘篓娓氣偓閺屾盯骞樼壕瀣棟闁捐崵鍋涢妴鎺戭潩閿濆懍澹曞┑鐘殿暯閳ь剙纾崺锝団偓瑙勬礈鏋摶鏍归敐鍛喐婵＄虎鍣ｅ缁樼節鎼粹€茬盎濠电偠顕滅粻鎾荤嵁閹版澘绠瑰ù锝呮啞鏉堝牆顪冮妶鍡楀闁稿﹥鍔欏畷鎴﹀箻缂佹ê浠梺缁橆殔閻楀棝寮抽崼銏㈢＝濞达絿鐡旈崵娆愪繆椤愶絿绠為柣娑卞枛铻栭柛娑卞枛閳ь剙顭烽弻锕€螣娓氼垱效闂侀潧娲︾换鍫ュ箖濡ゅ懎绀傚璺猴梗婢规洟姊绘笟鈧埀顒傚仜閼活垱鏅剁€电硶鍋撳▓鍨灁闁告柨绻樿棟闁告瑥顦禍婊勩亜閹板墎鎮肩紒鐘虫皑缁辨帡鎮╁畷鍥ｆ濡炪値鍋呯换鍫ャ€佸鈧幃銏ゆ煥鐎ｎ剚婢� [04-07]
- 闂傚倸鍊搁崐鎼佸磹閹间礁纾归柟闂寸劍閸嬪鈹戦悩鎻掝仾闁哄棙绮撻弻锝夊籍閸パ傛濠电偞鍨堕惌顔尖柦椤忓棛纾藉ù锝夋涧閻忣亪鏌ｉ敐鍫殭闁宠鍨块崺銉╁幢濡ゅ啩鍝楅梻浣告贡閳峰牓宕戞繝鍌ゅ殨妞ゆ帒鍠氬Ο鍕⒑閸濆嫭婀伴柣鈺婂灠椤曪絾绂掔€ｎ€晝鎲稿澶婄厱闁割偁鍎查埛鎴犵磽娴ｈ偂鎴犱焊椤撱垺鐓熼柡宥庡亜鐢埖銇勯弴顏嗙М妞ゃ垺顨婂畷鐔碱敆閳ь剚绂嶉柆宥嗏拺闁告挻褰冩禍鐐烘煕閻樿櫕灏电紒顔界懇瀹曠喖顢涘☉鎺撳闂備礁鎲＄换鍌溾偓姘煎墴閸┾偓妞ゆ巻鍋撶紓宥咃躬楠炲啴鎮滈懞銉︽珖婵炶揪绲介崥鈧慨瑙勵殕缁绘稒娼忛崜褍鍩屽┑鐘亾闂侇剙绉甸崑锟犳偡濞嗗繐顏紒鐘荤畺閺岀喓鈧數枪娴犙囨煙閸愭彃顏紒杈ㄥ浮瀹曞ジ寮村顓炴灓闂備浇顕栭崰妤呮晝閵忋倕绠栨繛鍡樻尰椤ュ牊绻涢幋鐑嗘畷闁糕晜鐩缁樻媴閼恒儯鈧啴鏌ｉ幒鐐电暤妤犵偞鍨垮畷鍫曨敆閳ь剛绮婚弽顐ｅ枑闁哄啫鐗嗛弰銉╂煃閳轰礁鏆炲┑顖涙尦閺岋綁鎮㈤崨濠勫嚒闂佽崵鍠庨柊锝咁潖缂佹ɑ濯撮柦妯侯槸閹偤姊虹粙娆惧剱缂佸鍨奸悘瀣攽閻愬弶顥為柛銊ョ埣閿濈偤寮撮姀锛勫帾婵犵數鍋熼崑鎾斥枍閸涱垳纾奸柍褜鍓欓悾婵嬪礋椤掑倸骞愰柣搴＄畭閸庨亶宕锝勭箚濞寸姴顑嗛悡鐔兼煙缂併垹鐏犲ù婊冨⒔缁辨捇宕掑顑藉亾閻戣姤鍊块柨鏇楀亾闁伙絽鍢茶灒閻炴稈鍓濋悘鍐⒑閸濆嫭鍌ㄩ柛銊ユ贡婢规洘绺介崨濠勫弳闂佺粯娲栭崐鍦偓姘炬嫹 [04-07]
- 濠电姷鏁告慨鐑姐€傞鐐潟闁哄洢鍨圭壕缁樼箾閹寸偞鐨戦柣顓熸崌閺屻倗绮欑捄銊ょ驳濠电偛鎳愭繛鈧柡灞剧椤﹁櫕銇勯妸銉︻棦闁诡喚鍋ゅ畷妤呮⒒鐎靛摜鐣鹃梻浣虹帛閸旀牞銇愰崘顔肩厱闁哄啫鐗婇悡鐔兼煙闁箑澧剧€规悶鍎查妵鍕敇閻愭潙浠撮梺纭呮珪缁捇骞冮挊澶嗘灁闁圭ǹ瀛╅鎰版⒒閸屾瑨鍏岀紒顕呭灦閵嗗啯绻濋崘顏嶆锤闂佸壊鍋呭ú婊冪暤娓氣偓閺屽秷顧侀柛鎾寸洴楠炲宕ㄦ繝鍐ㄥ妳闂侀潧枪閸庡弶娼忛崼銉︹拺闁圭ǹ娴风粻鎾淬亜閿旇鐏ｉ柟鍙夋尦閺佸啴宕掑☉姘箞婵＄偑鍊栭崝褏寰婄捄銊т笉闁瑰墽绮悡鐔煎箹缁顫婇柣鎾炽偢閺屸€崇暆鐎ｎ剛锛熼梺閫炲苯澧剧紓宥呮瀹曟垿宕熼浣稿伎闂佸壊鍋侀崕鏌ユ偂濞戞ǜ鈧帒顫濋浣规倷濠电偛鎳庣粔鐢搞€冮妷鈺傚€烽弶鍫熷礃閳ь剚瀵ч〃銉╂倷瀹割喖鍓堕悗娈垮櫘閸撶喎鐣烽锕€绀嬫い蹇撳濡粌鈹戦悩鍨毄濠殿喗鎸抽弫鍐Χ婢跺﹦顔嗛柣搴秵閸犳牜澹曢崸妤佺厵閻庢稒岣挎俊鍥ㄤ繆閹绘帞澧﹂柡宀€鍠栭幃娆擃敆閳ь剚鏅堕娑楃箚闁圭粯甯炵粔娲煛瀹€瀣ɑ闁诡垱妫冮、娆撴偂鎼存ɑ瀚梻鍌欑劍閹爼宕濆澶婄？闁规儼妫勯悡姗€鏌熸潏鍓х暠鐎瑰憡绻冮妵鍕冀閵娧呯厾闂佸摜鍠庣粔鐟邦潖缂佹ɑ濯村〒姘煎灡閺侇垳绱撻崒姘卞闁告鍟块悾鐑藉箛閺夊灝宓嗛梺缁樺灥濞测晠鍩€椤掆偓濞硷繝骞冨Δ鈧埥澶娾枍閾忣偄鐏﹂柛鎺戯躬楠炴﹢顢欓悾灞藉箥闂備浇顕栭崹搴ㄥ川椤撶姴骞楅梻鍌欒兌鏋紒缁樺姇鐓ゆい鎾卞灩閽冪喖鏌ㄥ┑鍡╂Ц閹喖姊洪棃娑辨Ф闁稿海鍎ょ粋鎺楀捶椤撶姷锛濇繛鎾村焹閸嬫挾鐥鐔稿€愮€规洩缍佸畷姗€濡歌濞堥箖姊虹紒妯撳綊顢氳瀹曟﹢鍩€椤掑嫭鍋℃繝濠傚暟缁犺櫕淇婇崣澶婂闁轰礁鍟村畷鎺戔槈濡懓瀵叉繝鐢靛仦閹稿鎳濇ィ鍐╂櫇闁靛／鈧崑鎾愁潩閻愵剙顏� [04-07]
- 闂傚倸鍊搁崐椋庣矆娓氣偓楠炲鏁撻悩鑼舵憰闂佹寧绻傞ˇ顖滅矆婢跺备鍋撻獮鍨姎闁挎稑妫濆畷鍫曨敆閳ь剟鎷戦悢鍏肩厪濠㈣埖绋撻悾鍗灻瑰⿰鍫滄喚婵﹨娅ｉ埀顒€婀辨慨鐢稿Υ閸愵亞纾奸柍褜鍓氶幏鍛叏閹邦亝鐫忔繝鐢靛仜濡瑩骞愰崫銉ф／鐟滄棃寮诲澶婁紶闁告洦鍋€閸嬫挻绻濆顒傚弨婵犮垼鍩栭崝鏍磹閻㈠憡鐓曟い顓熷灥娴滅偤鏌涘▎灞戒壕闂傚倷娴囧銊х矆娴ｈ櫣鐭撻柟缁㈠櫙缂嶆牗绻濋棃娑卞剰缂佲偓閸緷褰掓晲閸℃瑦鎲欓梺鐟邦殠閸嬪﹤顫忛搹瑙勫珰闁肩⒈鍓涢濠囨⒑缁嬫鍎戝┑顔炬暬婵＄敻寮崼婵堫啇婵炶揪绲洪崑鎾绘煕閵夘喖澧柦鍐枛閺屾洘寰勫☉姘辨殸婵炲瓨绮撴禍璺侯潖閾忓厜鍋撻崷顓炐為柍褜鍏橀崑鎾绘⒑缁嬫鍎愰柟鐟版喘瀵鈽夊鍡樺兊濡炪倖甯掗ˇ鐗堫殭闂傚倷鑳堕幊鎾愁嚕閸洏鈧啯绻濋崒婊勬闂侀潧艌閺呪晠寮繝鍥ㄧ厽闁挎繂鎳愰悘杈ㄦ叏閿濆繒绉慨濠勭帛閹峰懘宕ㄦ繝鍌涙畼闂佹眹鍩勯崹杈╂暜濡ゅ懎鐤鹃柤绋跨仛閸庣喖鏌嶉柨顖氫壕闂佸搫顑嗗Λ鍐蓟閻斿憡缍囧Δ锝呭暞椤庡秹姊虹紒妯虹瑨闁告艾顑嗙粚杈ㄧ節閸ャ劌鈧兘鏌熺紒妯哄潑闁圭ǹ鍟村铏圭磼濡搫顫岄梺鎸庢磸閸婃繈宕洪妷锕€绶為柟閭﹀墰椤旀帡姊洪幆褎绂嬮柛瀣噹閻ｇ兘骞庨懞銉㈡嫼闁哄鍋炴竟鍡涘礉瀹ュ鐓欓柣鐔哄閸犳﹢鏌ｅ☉鍗炴珝闁糕斁鍋撳銈嗗坊閸嬫捇妫佹径鎰叆婵犻潧妫欓崳鍦偓鐐瑰€栧浠嬪蓟閻斿吋鍊绘慨妤€妫欓悾鍫曟⒑閸涘﹤鐏╁┑鐐╁亾闂佸搫琚崝鎴﹀箖閵堝纾兼繛鎴烇供娴硷拷 [04-07]
- 闂傚倸鍊搁崐鐑芥嚄閸洖绠犻柟鍓х帛閸嬨倝鏌曟繛鐐珔缂佲偓婢跺绠鹃柛鈩兩戠亸顓犵磼閳ь剟宕掑☉娆忓伎濠碉紕鍋犻褎绂嶆ィ鍐┾拺閻犲洠鈧櫕鐏嗙紓渚囧枟閻熲晠鐛崘顔碱潊闁靛牆鎳嶇槐鍫曟⒑閸涘﹥纾搁柛鏂跨Ф閳ь剙鐏氶敃銏狀潖缂佹ɑ濯撮柛娑橈龚绾偓婵＄偑鍊х徊鑲╁垝濞嗗繒鏆﹂柟杈剧畱缁犲鏌涢妸锔锯槈濞存粓绠栭弻锝夊閵堝棙閿銈忕到閵堟悂寮诲☉銏犵睄闁逞屽墴閹冣堪閸曨収娲哥紓浣割儏缁ㄩ亶寮ㄦ禒瀣€甸柨婵嗙凹缁ㄤ粙鏌涙繝鍕槐婵﹥妞藉Λ鍐ㄢ槈濮樿京鏉介梻浣呵归敃銉╂偋閻愰儩鐑藉磼閻愮补鎷绘繛鎾村焹閸嬫挻绻涢懝鏉垮惞闁瑰嘲缍婇幃銏ゆ偂鎼达綆妲烽柣搴＄畭閸庨亶鏁嶉崱娑樼倞妞ゆ巻鍋撻柦鍐枛閺屾洘寰勫☉姘辨殸婵炲瓨绮撴禍璺侯潖濞差亜绀冮柛娆忣槹閸庢捇姊洪崫銉ユ珡闁稿锕畷鍝勨槈閵忕姴鍞ㄥ銈嗗姂閸婃鏁嶅⿰鍕瘈闁靛骏绲剧涵楣冩煥閺囶亞鐣抽柛濠冩尦濮婄粯鎷呴崨濠冨創闂佺懓鍢查澶婄暦閹寸偟绡€闁稿被鍊栫紞搴㈢箾鐎电ǹ孝妞ゆ垵鎳愮划璇测槈濞嗗秳绨婚棅顐㈡处閹稿藟閻樼粯鐓欓柤鑹板煐绾墎绱掓潏銊﹀磳鐎规洘甯掗埢搴ㄥ箣椤撶啘婊堟⒒娴ｅ壊鍚旈柡澶婄仢椤姊洪柅鐐茶嫰婢ь噣鏌ｈ箛鏃囧閾荤偤鏌涢幇鐢靛帥闁搞倖娲熼弻锝夊閳舵儼顫夌€靛ジ鎮╃紒妯煎幈闂佸搫娲㈤崝灞剧閻愮儤鐓曟慨妤€妫楁晶瀛樻叏婵犲倹鎯堥悡銈夋偣閸パ冪骇闁诲繐绉撮埞鎴︻敊绾嘲浼愬銈庡幘閸忔ê鐣峰ú顏呭€烽柛婵嗗椤斿﹪姊虹憴鍕姢闁诲繐鐗撳鎼佸冀瑜滃〒濠氭煏閸繃顥為悘蹇曟暬閺屾稓鈧綆鍋嗛妴鎺斺偓鍨緲閿曪箓骞戦崟顖毼╅柕蹇曞С婢规洟姊哄Ч鍥х伈婵炰匠鍥モ偓鍌炲礂缁楄桨绨婚梺闈浨归崕鍝勎ｅú顏呯厵妤犵偛鐏濋悘鈺呮懚閿濆鈷掗柛灞炬皑閹界娀鏌涢弴鐐叉殻婵﹨娅ｉ幑鍕Ω閵夛妇褰氶梻浣烘嚀閸ゆ牠骞忛敓锟� [04-07]
- 闂傚倸鍊搁崐椋庢濮橆兗缂氱憸宥堢亱濠德板€曢幊蹇涘疾濠靛鐓ユ繝闈涙缁屽灝鈹戦鎸庣彧闁靛洤瀚板浠嬵敃椤厾鎹曠紓浣鸿檸閸樻悂宕戦幘瀵哥瘈鐎典即鏀卞姗€鍩€椤掍焦灏垫繛鍡愬灲閸ㄦ儳顭块崟鍓佺ɑ缂佺粯绻傞～婵嬵敇閻愭澘鎽嬪┑鐘愁問閸犳鐜婚崸妤€鍌ㄧ憸搴ｇ矉瀹ュ绠涢柣妤€鐗忛崢鎾绘偡濠婂嫮鐭掔€规洘绮岄～婵嬵敆婢跺绋佸┑鐘垫暩婵敻鎳濇ィ鍐ㄥ嚑濞撴埃鍋撻柡宀€鍠栭獮鎴﹀箛闂堟稒顔勭紓鍌欒兌婵敻宕归悽鍛婄畳闂備焦瀵х换鍌炈囬挊澹╂盯骞嬮敂鐣屽幗闂佺粯姊瑰ḿ娆撴倶閺屻儲鐓涚€光偓鐎ｎ剛袦婵犳鍠掗崑鎾绘⒑闂堟稓绠冲┑顔炬暬閹ɑ鎷呴崷顓犵槇闂佸啿鐨濋崑鎾绘煕閹般劍娅呭ù鐘虫尦閹鎲撮崟顒傤槶闂佺ǹ绻戦敃銏ゆ偘椤旂⒈鍚嬪鑸瞪戦弲鈺呮⒑閼恒儍顏埶囬锕€纾婚柟鍓х帛閸婄兘鏌ｉ幋鐏活亝绂掗鐐╂斀闁绘劕寮堕ˉ鐐烘煟閻旀繂鎳愰惌鎾淬亜閹哄秹妾峰ù婊勭矒閺岋繝宕堕妸銊ヮ棟閻庤鎸稿Λ妤呭煘閹达箑鐏抽柟棰佺濞堝爼姊洪柅鐐茶嫰婢у墽绱撳鍛棡缂佸倸绉撮オ浼村礃閸愨晛绗氱€垫澘瀚伴獮鍥敇閻樻彃绠哄┑鐘茬棄閺夊簱鍋撻幇鏉跨；闁瑰墽绮悡鐔镐繆閵堝懎鏆欏ù鐘欏嫪绻嗛柛娆忣槸婵洭鏌嶇憴鍕伌鐎规洜鍘чオ浼村礋椤愩埄鈧繘姊婚崒娆戭槮闁圭⒈鍋勭叅闁靛⿵闄勯崣蹇涙倵闂堟稒鎲稿☉鎾崇У缁绘盯骞嬮悙鍨櫏缂備浇顕уΛ婵嬪蓟閿濆绠涙い鏍ㄦ皑濮ｃ垽鏌涢悢鍛靛綊鈥旈崘顔嘉ч幖绮光偓鎻掝棜缂傚倷鑳舵慨鐢稿箲閸ヮ剛宓侀柛鎰╁妿閺嗭箓鏌涢妷顖滃埌濞存粓绠栭弻銊モ攽閸℃瑥鍤紓浣靛姀閸嬫劗妲愰幒妤€纾兼慨姗嗗幗閹瑥顪冮妶搴′簼妞ゃ劌锕ら悾鐑芥偄绾拌鲸鏅濋梺鎸庣箓閹冲繘顢旈悩娴嬫斀闁绘ɑ鍓氶崯蹇涙煕閿濆骸鐏︽鐐茬箻閺佹捇鏁撻敓锟� [03-15]
- 濠电姷鏁告慨鐑藉极閹间礁纾绘繛鎴欏灩閽冪喓鈧厜鍋撻柛鏇ㄥ亞椤︽澘顪冮妶鍡楀闁稿﹥娲熼獮鏍矙鎼存挻鏂€闂佺粯鍔栧ḿ娆撴倶閿曞倹鐓欐慨婵嗚嫰閸氬綊鏌涢幒鎾崇濞寸媴绠撻幃鍓т沪閻愵剦鍟庨梻鍌欐祰濞夋洟宕伴幘瀛樺弿闁汇垹鎲￠崐鍨旈敐鍛殲闁绘挸绻愰埞鎴︽倷閼碱兛铏庨梺鍛婃⒐濮樸劎妲愰幒妤€鐭楀璺侯儍娴犮垽姊洪崫鍕効缂佽弓绮欓妶顏呭閺夋垹顦板銈嗗笒閸婃悂宕甸幒妤佲拻濞达絽顫曢埀顑藉亾闂佺ǹ顑嗛幐濠氬Φ閸曨喚鐤€闁圭偓娼欓崑宥嗙箾鐎涙ḿ鐭婄紓宥咃躬瀵寮撮敍鍕澑闁诲函缍嗘禍鐐哄礉閺夋垟鏀介柣鎰硾娴滅懓鈹戦悙鈺佷壕闂備礁鎼惌澶屾崲濠靛棛鏆﹂柟鐑樺灍濡插牊绻涢崱妯虹仴闁搞倖甯″缁樻媴鐟欏嫨浠ч梺绋款儏閹虫﹢寮崘顔碱潊闁靛牆鎳庨悗顓熶繆閵堝繒鍒伴柛鐕佸亜铻炴慨妞诲亾闁诡喛娉涢埥澶愬箳閸℃ぞ澹曢梺绋跨箰閹冲酣藟濮樿埖鈷掑ù锝呮啞閹牓鏌涙繝鍐╁€愰柟顔矫埞鎴﹀幢濞嗘劖顔曢梻渚€娼чˇ顐﹀疾濠婂牆鐓曢柟杈鹃檮閻撴瑧绱撴担濮戭亞绮鑸电厱闁绘劕妯婂Σ鎼佹煃鐟欏嫬鐏存い銏＄懇閹墽浠︾粵瀣闂傚倷绶氬ḿ褔鎮ч崱妤嬭€块梺顒€绉寸粻顖炴煟濡偐甯涢柛銈嗗灦閵囧嫰骞掑鍥舵М婵犫拃宥嗗 [03-15]
