獐牙菜Swertia bimaculata (Sieb. et Zucc.) Hook. f. et Thoms. ex C. B. Clarke

别名：黑药黄;双点獐牙菜;绿茎牙痛草;龙胆草;鬼见愁;蓑衣莲;凉荞;大车前;大疮药;地格达;黑菊黄;黄花龙胆;将军令;苦黄连;大苦草;蓑衣草;土龙胆草;黑节苦草;镜牙菜;透骨丹;樟牙菜;山龙胆草;山黄连;大苦菜;胆草;大蚂;苦草;水红菜;走胆草;紫花青叶胆;獐芽菜;牙痛草;翳子草;小青鱼胆;双斑獐牙菜;

科名：龙胆科 Gentianaceae

属名：獐牙菜属 Swertia

《中国植物志》第62卷385页
  47．獐牙菜（救荒本草）大苦草、黑节苦草、黑药黄、走胆草、紫花青叶胆、蓑衣草、双点獐牙菜 图版62: 7-9
  Swertia bimaculata (Sieb. et Zucc.) Hook. f. et Thoms. ex C. B. Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 14: 449. 1875 et in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 4: 123. 1883; Forbes et Hemsl. in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 26: 139. 1890; Franch. in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 46: 316. 1899: Diels in Bot. Jahrb. 29: 539. 1900; Forrest in Not. Bot. Gard. Edinb. 4: 79. 1907; Levl. Fl. Kouy-tcheou 174. 1914-1915: Limpr. in Fedde. Rep. Sp. Nov. Beih. 12: 469. 1922; H. Smith in Hand. -Mazz. Symb. Sin. 7: 986. 1936; Satake in Journ. Jap. Bot. 21: 24. 1947; Hara, Fl. E. Himal. 256. 1966; S. Nilsson in Grana Palyn. 7(1): 110. 1967; Hara. Phot. pl. E. Himal. 12. t. 106. 1968: R. Geesink in Blumea 21: 182. 1973;中国高等植物图鉴3: 406. 图4765. 1974; J. Ohwi, Fl. Jap. 1092. 1978; L. A. Lauen. in Not. Bot. Gard. Edinb. 37 (1): 140. 1978-1979; Makino, New Ill. Fl. Jap. 496. 1979: Hara, Chater et Williams, Enum. Fl. pl. Nepal 3: 96. 1982. ——OPhelia bimaculata Sieb. et Zucc. Fl. Jap. Fam. Nat. 2 (1): 35. 184 et in Abh. Bayer. Akad. Wiss. Math. Phys. Cl. 4(3): 159. 1846. ——Silene esquirolii Levl. Fl. Kout-tcheou 174. 1914-1915. ——Swertia mairei Levl. in Bull. Geogr. Bot. 25: 22. 1915. ——S. biauriculata Levl. Cat. Pl. Yunnan 116. 1916. nom nud. ——S. bimaculata var. macrocarpa NaKai in Bot. Mag, Tokyo 47: 262. 1933. ——S. platyphylla Merrill in Lingnan. Sci. Journ. 15: 424. 1936, syn. nov.
  一年生草本，高0.3-1.4（2）米。根细，棕黄色。茎直立，圆形，中空，基部直径2-6毫米，中部以上分枝。基生叶在花期枯萎；茎生叶无柄或具短柄，叶片椭圆形至卵状披针形，长3.5-9厘米，宽1-4厘米，先端长渐尖，基部钝，叶脉3-5条，弧形，在背面明显突起，最上部叶苞叶状。大型圆锥状复聚伞花序疏松，开展，长达50厘米，多花；花梗较粗，直立或斜伸，不等长，长6-40毫米；花5数，直径达2.5厘米；花萼绿色，长为花冠的1/4-1/2，裂片狭倒披针形或狭椭圆形，长3-6毫米，先端渐尖或急尖，基部狭缩，边缘具窄的白色膜质，常外卷，背面有细的、不明显的3-5脉；花冠黄色，上部具多数紫色小斑点，裂片椭圆形或长圆形，长1-1.5厘米，先端渐尖或急尖，基部狭缩，中部具2个黄绿色、半圆形的大腺斑；花丝线形，长5-6.5毫米，花药长圆形，长约2.5毫米；子房无柄，披针形，长约8毫米，花柱短，柱头小，头状，2裂。蒴果无柄，狭卵形，长至2.3厘米；种子褐色，圆形，表面具瘤状突起。染色体2n=18，24。花果期6-11月。
  产西藏、云南、贵州、四川、甘肃、陕西、山西、河北、河南、湖北、湖南、江西、安徽、江苏、浙江、福建、广东、广西。生于河滩、山坡草地、林下、灌丛中、沼泽地，海拔250-3000米。印度、尼泊尔、锡金（模式标本产地）、不丹、缅甸、越南、马来西亚、日本也有分布。
  本种分布广，植株大小多有变化，Merrill 将采自广东的标本W. T. Tsang 20664号新命名为S. platyphylla Merrill，并以叶和花较大与本种相区别。但我们认为变化不突出，并未超越本种范围。
形态特征：多年生草本，高50—100厘米。茎直立，有棱，无毛，有分枝。叶对生，具三出脉，基部叶长圆形，长3.5—8厘米。宽1.5—4厘米，有长叶柄，开花期枯萎；茎上部叶卵状披针形，长2.5—9厘米，宽1—3.5厘米，先端急尖，基部渐狭，无柄，稍抱茎，全缘，两面无毛。复总状聚伞花序，顶
用    途：全草药用，有清湿热、健脾功效，主治感冒、攻龈肿痛、黄疸性肝炎、肾炎、消化不良、急性菌痢。
分    布：产大九湖、泮龙、尼叉河、刘家屋场、板仓、红坪、断江坪、下谷坪、
生    境：生长在海拔900—2200米的山坡路旁或草丛中。

《Flora of China》 Vol. 16 (1995)
Swertia bimaculata  (Siebold & Zuccarini) J. D. Hooker & Thomson ex C. B. Clarke
獐牙菜   zhang ya cai
Ophelia bimaculata Siebold & Zuccarini, Abh. Math.-Phys. Cl. K?nigl. Bayer. Akad. Wiss. 4(3): 159. 1846; Silene esquirolii H. Léveillé; Swertia bimaculata var. macrocarpa Nakai; S. platyphylla Merrill.
Annuals 30-140(-200) cm tall. Roots yellow, fibrous. Stems erect, 2-6 mm in diam., branched. Basal leaves withered at anthesis. Stem leaves sessile or short petiolate; leaf blade broadly elliptic to ovate-lanceolate, 3.5-9 × 1-4(-5) cm, base narrowly tapered to obtuse, apex acuminate; veins 3-5, arcuate. Inflorescences panicles of cymes, lax, spreading branched, many flowered, to 50 cm. Flowers 5merous. Pedicel spreading to erect, 0.6-4 cm, stout, terete. Calyx tube 1-2 mm; lobes narrowly oblanceolate to narrowly elliptic, 3-6 mm, base narrowed, margin slightly revolute and membranous, apex acuminate; veins 3-5, indistinct. Corolla yellow or white, with purple spots, to 2.5 cm in diam., tube 1-2 mm; lobes oblong to elliptic, 1-1.5 cm, base narrowed, apex acuminate to acute. Nectaries 2 per corolla lobe, yellow-green, orbicular, reduced to a naked gland patch without raised margin. Filaments 5-6.5 mm; anthers ellipsoid, ca. 2.5 mm. Style indistinct; stigma lobes capitate. Capsules narrowly ovoid, to 2.3 cm. Seeds brown, globose; seed coat warty. Fl. and fr. Jun-Nov.
Beside streams, swamp, meadows, scrub, forests; 200-3000 m. Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Bhutan, India, Japan, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Sikkim, Vietnam].