杜鹃Rhododendron simsii Planch.

别名：映山红

科名：杜鹃花科 Ericaceae

属名：杜鹃属 Rhododendron

《中国植物志》第57(2)卷386页
  289. 杜鹃（广群芳谱）杜鹃花（涌幢小品），山踯躅、山石榴、映山红（本草纲目），照山红（河南），唐杜鹃（台湾植物志）图版124：1-6
  Rhododendron simsii Planch. in Fl. des Serr. 9: 78. 1854; Wils. in Wils. et Rehd. Monog. Azal. 45. 1921: Rehd. in Stevenson, Spec. Rhodod. 105. 1930; Fang in Journ. dot. Soc. China 2(2):611. 1935;陈嵘, 中国树木分类学947. 1937; Fang in Contr. Biol. Lab. Sci. Soc. China Bot. 12: 8. 1939 et Icon. Pl. Omei. 1(1): Pl. l7. 1947; 广州植物志465. 图254. 1956; 中国高等植物图鉴3: 147. 图4274. 1974; 台湾植物志4: 36. 1978; 华南杜鹃花志43. 1983; 峨眉山杜鹃花58. 图18. 1986;云南植物志4: 449. 1986;中国四川杜鹃花331. 1986.——R. indicum (Linn.) Sweet var. ignescens Sweet in Brit. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, 2: t. 128. 1833.——R. indicum (Linn.) Sweet var. puniceum Sweet in ibid.——R. calleryi Planch. in Fl. des Serr. 9: 81. 1854.——R. indicum (Linn.) Sweet var. simsii Maxim. in Mem. Acad. Sci. St. Petersb. ser. 7, 16(9): 38. 1870.——Azal. indica Linn. var. simsii Rehd. in Bailey, Cycl. Amer. Hort. 1: 122. 1900.——R. indicum (Linn. ) Sweet var.formosanum Hayata, Icon. Pl. Form. 3: 134. 1913.——R. bicolor Tam, Survey Rhodod. South China 101. 1983, syn. nov.——R. viburnifolium in Act. Phytotax. Sin. 21: 469. 1983, syn. nov.——R. petilum Tam, Survey Rhodod. South China 42 et 101, 1983, syn nov.——R. bellum Fang et G. Z. Li in Bull. Bot. Res. 4(1): 3. Pl. 3. 1984, syn. nov.——Azal. indica auct. non Linn.: Sims. in Curtis Bot. Mag. 36: t. 1480. 1812.——R. indicum auct. non Sweet: Hemsl. in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 26: 25. 1889.
  落叶灌木，高2（-5）米；分枝多而纤细，密被亮棕褐色扁平糙伏毛。叶革质，常集生枝端，卵形、椭圆状卵形或倒卵形或倒卵形至倒披针形，长1.5-5厘米，宽0.5-3厘米，先端短渐尖，基部楔形或宽楔形，边缘微反卷，具细齿，上面深绿色，疏被糙伏毛，下面淡白色，密被褐色糙伏毛，中脉在上面凹陷，下面凸出；叶柄长2-6毫米，密被亮棕褐色扁平糙伏毛。花芽卵球形，鳞片外面中部以上被糙伏毛，边缘具睫毛。花2- 3 （-6）朵簇生枝顶；花梗长8毫来，密被亮棕褐色糙伏毛；花萼5深裂，裂片三角状长卵形，长5毫米，被糙伏毛，边缘具睫毛；花冠阔漏斗形，玫瑰色、鲜红色或暗红色，长3.5-4厘米，宽1.5-2厘米，裂片5，倒卵形，长2.5-3厘米，上部裂片具深红色斑点；雄蕊10，长约与花冠相等，花丝线状，中部以下被微柔毛；子房卵球形，10室，密被亮棕褐色糙伏毛，花柱伸出花冠外，无毛。蒴果卵球形，长达1厘米，密被糙伏毛；花萼宿存。花期4-5月，果期6-8月。
  产江苏、安徽、浙江、江西、福建、台湾、湖北、湖南、广东、广西、四川、贵州和云南。生于海拔500-1 200（-2 500）米的山地疏灌丛或松林下，为我国中南及西南典型的酸性土指示植物。
  本种与皋月杜鹃 R. indicum (Linn.) Sweet相似，但不同在于后者的雄蕊为5；叶较小而狭窄，边缘具细圆齿，易于区别。▽本种全株供药用：有行气活血、补虚，治疗内伤咳嗽，肾虚耳聋，月经不调，风湿等疾病。又因花冠鲜红色，为著名的花卉植物，具有较高的观赏价值，目前在国内外各公园中均有栽培。▽作者仔细研究了方文培教授发表的荚蒾叶杜鹃 R. viburnifolium Fang和美丽杜鹃R. bellum Fang et G. Z. Li以及谭沛祥发表的双色杜鹃 R. bicolor Tam 和长条杜鹃 R. petilum Tam 的模式标本和付模式标本的特征；与杜鹃 R. simsii Planch. 的区别甚微，极难于分开，故将前四种归并于杜鹃之中较为合理。

《Flora of China》 Vol. 14 (2005)
Rhododendron simsii  Planchon
杜鹃   du juan
Shrubs, 2(–5) m tall; branches many and fine, densely shiny brown appressed-setose, setae flat. Summer and winter leaves different. Petiole 2–6 mm. Leaf blade ovate, elliptic-ovate or obovate to oblanceolate, 1.5–5 × 0.5–3 cm; base cuneate or broadly cuneate; margin slightly revolute, finely toothed; apex shortly acuminate. Inflorescence 2–3(–6)-flowered. Pedicel ca. 0.8 cm, densely shiny brown appressed-setose; calyx deeply lobed; lobes triangular-long-ovate, ca. 5 mm, coarsely appressed-hairy, margin ciliate; corolla broadly funnelform, rose, bright to dark red, or white to rose-pink, with dark red flecks on upper lobes, 3.5–4 × 1.5–2 cm, lobes obovate, 2.5–3 cm; stamens 10, ca. as long as corolla, filaments pubescent below; ovary ovoid, 10-locular, densely shiny brown-strigose; style exserted, glabrous. Capsule ovoid, up to 10 mm, densely strigose, calyx persistent. Fl. Apr–May, fr. Jun–Aug.
Pinus massoniana forests, forest margins, open upland thickets; 500–2700 m. Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Japan, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand].
Rhododendron chaoanense T. C. Wu & P. C. Tam (Med. Mat. Guangdong 4: 35. 1978), described from Guangdong, is apparently close to, and possibly a hybrid of, R. simsii, but differs from that species in its obscure calyx lobes, 7 stamens, and long-exserted style.
Rhododendron simsii var. albiflorum R. L. Liu (Acta Bot. Yunnan. 15: 190. 1993), described from Jiangxi, is probably no more than an albino form of R. simsii.
Rhododendron simsii var. strigosostylum G. Z. Li (Guihaia 15: 298. 1995 [“strigoso-stylum”]), was described from Guangxi and said to differ from var. simsii in having a corolla rose-pink to red, with minute lobes ca. 2 × 1 mm, and a style silky-strigose below. The present authors have seen no material, but, from the original description, it seems likely that this entity is a hybrid of the widely cultivated R. simsii.
Rhododendron simsii has been used widely in horticulture as a parent of both the “pot azalea” cultivars and a range of cultivars grown in the warmer parts of China.

《全国中草药汇编》:杜鹃

【拼音名】 Dù Juān
【别名】 杜鹃花、红杜鹃、映山红、艳山红、艳山花、清明花
【来源】 为杜鹃花科杜鹃花属植物杜鹃Rhododendron simsii Planch.，以根、叶及花入药。春末采花，夏季采叶，秋冬采根，晒干备用或鲜用。
【性味】 根：酸、涩，温。有毒。
叶、花：甘、酸，平。
【功能主治】 根：祛风湿，活血去瘀，止血。用于风湿性关节炎，跌打损伤，闭经；外用治外伤出血。
花、叶：清热解毒，化痰止咳，止痒。用于支气管炎，荨麻疹；外用治痈肿。
【用法用量】 根2～3钱；花、叶3～5钱；外用适量，根研粉，叶鲜品捣烂敷患处。
【注意】 孕妇忌服。
【摘录】 《全国中草药汇编》