毒麦Lolium temulentum Linn.
毒麦Lolium temulentum Linn.
7. 毒麦（植物学大辞典）图版33：7
Lolium temulentum L. Sp. Pl. 93. 1753; Griseb. in Ledeb. Fl. Ross. 4: 345. 1853; Nevski in Kom. Fl. URSS 2: 546. 1934; Tzvel. in Fed. Poac. URSS 423. 1976;中国主要植物图说·禾本科449, 图381. 1959;秦岭植物志1: 102, 图82. 1976; 新疆植物检索表1: 141. 1982.
一年生。秆成疏丛，高20-120厘米，具3-5节，无毛。叶鞘长于其节间，疏松；叶舌长1-2毫米；叶片扁平，质地较薄，长10-25厘米，宽4-10毫米，无毛，顶端渐尖，边缘微粗糙。穗形总状花序长10-15厘米，宽1-1.5厘米；穗轴增厚，质硬，节间长5-10毫米，无毛；小穗含4-10小花，长8-10毫米，宽3-8毫米；小穗轴节间长1-1.5毫米，平滑无毛；颖较宽大，与其小穗近等长，质地硬，长8-10毫米，宽约2毫米，有5-9脉，具狭膜质边缘；外稃长5-8毫米，椭圆形至卵形，成熟时肿胀，质地较薄，具5脉，顶端膜质透明，基盘微小，芒近外稃顶端伸出，长1-2厘米，粗糙；内稃约等长于外稃，脊上具微小纤毛。颖果长4-7毫米，为其宽的2-3倍，厚1.5-2毫米。花果期6-7月。染色体2n＝14（Hubbard 1954，Jen Kins 1985）。
在甘肃、陕西、安徽、浙江的麦田中有过发现。分布于地中海地区、欧洲、中亚、俄罗斯西伯利亚、高加索、小亚细亚。模式标本采自欧洲。
毒麦之颖果中具有形成毒麦碱（C17Hi2N2O)的菌丝存在，产生麻醉性毒素，危害人畜。注意检疫防除。
《Flora of China》 Vol. 22 (2006)
Lolium temulentum Linnaeus
毒麦 du mai
Annual. Culms tufted, erect or decumbent, slender to moderately robust, 20–120 cm tall, 3–5-noded. Leaf blades flat, thin, 10–25 cm × 4–10 mm, smooth or scabridulous on abaxial surface, margins scabrid, young blades rolled; auricles present or absent; ligule 0.5–2.5 mm, obtuse to truncate. Raceme stiff, straight, 10–30 cm; rachis thick, smooth or scabridulous, spikelets about their own length apart. Spikelets turgid, 0.8–2.5 cm, florets 4–10, rachilla internodes 1–1.5 mm, smooth, glabrous; glume linear-oblong, rigid, as long as spikelet, often exceeding florets, 5–9-veined, margins narrowly membranous, apex obtuse; lemmas elliptic to ovate, turgid at maturity, 5.2–8.5 mm, apex obtuse; awn usually present, stiff, scabrid; palea ciliolate along keels. Caryopsis very plump, length 2–3 times width, 4–7 mm. Fl. and fr. May–Aug. 2n = 14.
Fields of cereals, introduced. Anhui, Gansu, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hunan, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shanghai, Xinjiang, Zhejiang [N Africa, SW Asia, S Europe].
This is a noxious arable weed, widespread and naturalized in warm-temperate parts of the world (Darnel). The grains are often infected by a fungus (ergot) which produces the alkaloid temulin, causing poisoning when grazed by cattle or when present as a contaminant of flour.
Awnless or weakly awned variants can be distinguished at varietal rank.
别名：Darnel ryegrass;多花黑麦草;一年黑麦草;小尾巴草;鬼麦;
科名：禾本科 Gramineae
属名：黑麦草属 Lolium
7. 毒麦（植物学大辞典）图版33：7
Lolium temulentum L. Sp. Pl. 93. 1753; Griseb. in Ledeb. Fl. Ross. 4: 345. 1853; Nevski in Kom. Fl. URSS 2: 546. 1934; Tzvel. in Fed. Poac. URSS 423. 1976;中国主要植物图说·禾本科449, 图381. 1959;秦岭植物志1: 102, 图82. 1976; 新疆植物检索表1: 141. 1982.
一年生。秆成疏丛，高20-120厘米，具3-5节，无毛。叶鞘长于其节间，疏松；叶舌长1-2毫米；叶片扁平，质地较薄，长10-25厘米，宽4-10毫米，无毛，顶端渐尖，边缘微粗糙。穗形总状花序长10-15厘米，宽1-1.5厘米；穗轴增厚，质硬，节间长5-10毫米，无毛；小穗含4-10小花，长8-10毫米，宽3-8毫米；小穗轴节间长1-1.5毫米，平滑无毛；颖较宽大，与其小穗近等长，质地硬，长8-10毫米，宽约2毫米，有5-9脉，具狭膜质边缘；外稃长5-8毫米，椭圆形至卵形，成熟时肿胀，质地较薄，具5脉，顶端膜质透明，基盘微小，芒近外稃顶端伸出，长1-2厘米，粗糙；内稃约等长于外稃，脊上具微小纤毛。颖果长4-7毫米，为其宽的2-3倍，厚1.5-2毫米。花果期6-7月。染色体2n＝14（Hubbard 1954，Jen Kins 1985）。
在甘肃、陕西、安徽、浙江的麦田中有过发现。分布于地中海地区、欧洲、中亚、俄罗斯西伯利亚、高加索、小亚细亚。模式标本采自欧洲。
毒麦之颖果中具有形成毒麦碱（C17Hi2N2O)的菌丝存在，产生麻醉性毒素，危害人畜。注意检疫防除。
《Flora of China》 Vol. 22 (2006)
Lolium temulentum Linnaeus
毒麦 du mai
Annual. Culms tufted, erect or decumbent, slender to moderately robust, 20–120 cm tall, 3–5-noded. Leaf blades flat, thin, 10–25 cm × 4–10 mm, smooth or scabridulous on abaxial surface, margins scabrid, young blades rolled; auricles present or absent; ligule 0.5–2.5 mm, obtuse to truncate. Raceme stiff, straight, 10–30 cm; rachis thick, smooth or scabridulous, spikelets about their own length apart. Spikelets turgid, 0.8–2.5 cm, florets 4–10, rachilla internodes 1–1.5 mm, smooth, glabrous; glume linear-oblong, rigid, as long as spikelet, often exceeding florets, 5–9-veined, margins narrowly membranous, apex obtuse; lemmas elliptic to ovate, turgid at maturity, 5.2–8.5 mm, apex obtuse; awn usually present, stiff, scabrid; palea ciliolate along keels. Caryopsis very plump, length 2–3 times width, 4–7 mm. Fl. and fr. May–Aug. 2n = 14.
Fields of cereals, introduced. Anhui, Gansu, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hunan, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shanghai, Xinjiang, Zhejiang [N Africa, SW Asia, S Europe].
This is a noxious arable weed, widespread and naturalized in warm-temperate parts of the world (Darnel). The grains are often infected by a fungus (ergot) which produces the alkaloid temulin, causing poisoning when grazed by cattle or when present as a contaminant of flour.
Awnless or weakly awned variants can be distinguished at varietal rank.
