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西藏嵩草Kobresia tibetica Maximowicz

西藏嵩草Kobresia tibetica Maximowicz

别名:藏嵩草;西藏蒿草;

科名:莎草科 Cyperaceae

属名:嵩草属 Kobresia

《中国植物志》第12卷033页
  31. 西藏嵩草(植物分类学报)图版6: 8-11
  Kobresia tibetica Maxim. in Bull. Acad. Sci. St. Petersb. 29: 219, 1883; Ivan. in Journ. Bot. USSR, 24: 483, 1939, excl. syn. K. littedalei C. B. Clarke; T. V. Egorova in Grubov, Pl. Centr. Asia, 3: 34, 1967; Y. C. Yang in Acta Phytotax. Sin. 14 (1): 45, fig. 4, 1976; 中国高等植物图鉴5: 260, 图7350, 1976; 横断山区维管植物下册: 2349, 1994. ——Kobresia capillifolia (Decne.) C. B. Clarke var. tibetica (Maxim.) Kukenth. in Engl., Pflanzenr. Heft 38 (IV, 20): 36, 1909. ——Kobresia schoenoides auct. non Steud.: Kukenth., l. c. 35, 1909. p. p. quoad. Pl. Tongolo. Soulie no. 771; 西藏植物志5: 376, 图210, 1987.
  根状茎短。秆密丛生,纤细,高20-50厘米,粗1-1.5毫米,稍坚挺,钝三棱形,基部具褐色至褐棕色的宿存叶鞘。叶短于秆,丝状,柔软,宽不及1毫米,腹面具沟。穗状花序椭圆形或长圆形,长1.3-2厘米,粗3-5毫米;支小穗多数,密生,顶生的雄性,侧生的雄雌顺序,在基部雌花之上具3-4朵雄花。鳞片长圆形或长圆状披针形,长3.5-4.5毫米,顶端圆形或钝,无短尖,膜质,背部淡褐色、褐色至栗褐色,两侧及上部均为白色透明的薄膜质,具1条中脉。先出叶长圆形或卵状长圆形,长2.5-3.5毫米,膜质,淡褐色,在腹面边缘分离几至基部,背面无脊无脉,顶端截形或微凹。小坚果椭圆形,长圆形或倒卵状长圆形,扁三棱形,长2.3-3毫米,成熟时暗灰色,有光泽,基部几无柄,顶端骤缩成短喙;花柱基部微增粗,柱头3个。花果期5-8月。
  产于甘肃、青海、四川西部、西藏东部;生于河滩地、湿润草地、高山灌丛草甸,海拔3000-4600米。模式标本采自甘肃。
形态特征:多年生密丛性草本。具根状茎,秆高20—50厘米,o柱形,粗硬,基部具褐棕色的枯叶鞘。叶片丝状,长8—10厘民宽约1毫米.边缘内卷。穗状花序圆柱状,长1.3—1.7厘米。直径4—5厘米,呈褐色,枝小穗密生,顶生的雄性,侧生的雄雌顺序,鳞片薄膜质,长圆状披针形。先出叶长圆状披针形,淡色,透明膜质,顶端钝,截形或凹。小坚果长圆状倒卵形,棕黑色,有光泽,扁三校形或双凸状,顶端具短喙,柱头3(图110)。
地理分布:西藏嵩草分布于甘肃、青海、四川、西藏等地区。
生态特征:西藏嵩草在青藏高原的高山草甸上,5月中 、下旬6月中下旬孕穗,7月上、中旬抽穗开花,8月中旬种子成熟,全生育100天。根系发达,生活力强,在海拔3300—4600米的高寒地区,年气温在0℃ 左气候条件下,生长良好。西藏嵩草在海拔3200—4000米的高山沼泽比草甸地区成片生长,一般西藏嵩草生长的地区气候寒冷而潮湿积水,日照短,生长期为90—120天。西藏嵩草在海拔2900—4800(5900)米的祁连山、昆仑山、唐古拉山地区的阴坡上,常作为亚优势种,与优势种高山嵩草(K.pygmaea)组成阴坡高山嵩草草地,这类草地在青海约占全省总面积的8.1%,草群高6—10厘米,盖度85—90%,其中莎草科植物占57.1%,是青海主要的夏秋放牧草场。西藏嵩草经常与高山嵩草、线叶嵩草(K.Capillifolia)、苔草属(Carex)组成地下根茎密丛型莎草层片。在山麓洪积扇积水地带,泉水、河水溢出积水地带,沟头积水洼地,常常出现以西藏嵩草为主的沼泽化草甸,外貌整齐,盖度为90—95%,草群高15一25(35)厘米。若积水消失,则西藏嵩草就逐渐退化。
饲用价值:西藏嵩草植株矮小,茎叶茂盛,无臭、无味,茎叶柔软,有较高的营养价值,在青藏高原上是夏、秋季的主要放牧饲草。西藏嵩草营养枝多,8月中旬以前茎叶柔软,适口性好,马、牛、羊最喜食,特别是马、牛最为喜食,羊由于积水较多,在高山沼泽草甸放牧则易引起腐蹄病,因此,在夏秋不能放牧绵羊、山羊。8月中旬以后,西藏嵩草草质变硬,纤维素相应增加,从而降低适口性。8月中旬以后马、绵羊、山羊乐食,牦牛、犏牛喜食;进入10月中旬后,马、牛、羊又表现喜食。西藏嵩草营养价值较高,富含蛋白质,其化学成分见表110。西藏嵩草在青藏高原组成高山草甸。由于夏秋常放牧,一般种子不易成熟,多数时间为营养期,叶和花序占全株总重量的40%。西藏嵩草成片生长的草地产草量较低,一般亩产鲜草150公斤,其中可食鲜草亩产135公斤折合干草55—62.5石公斤。西藏蒿草草场耐牧、耐践践、耐啃食、耐寒、耐风雪、返青较早。常为牦牛、犏牛采食的夏秋放牧草地。

《Flora of China》 Vol. 23 (2010)
Kobresia tibetica  Maximowicz Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg. 29: 219. 1883.
西藏嵩草   xi zang song cao
Kobresia capillifolia (Decaisne) C. B. Clarke var. tibetica (Maximowicz) Kükenthal.
Rhizomes short. Basal sheaths prominent, brown to dark brown, dull, not retaining dried leaf blades. Culms densely tufted, rigid and erect, subterete or upper part trigonous, 10-40 cm tall, 1-1.5 mm in diam. Leaves basal, erect, shorter than culms; blade filiform (tubular in section), 0.5-1 mm wide. Inflorescence spicate, brown or dark brown, broadly and densely cylindric, 1-2.5 × 0.3-0.4 cm; terminal spikelets male, lower ones bisexual; lowest involucral bract glumelike, apex aristate or not. Bisexual spikelets with a basal female flower and 2-4 distal male flowers. Glumes brown or dark brown, with pale midvein, oblong to ovate-oblong, 3.5-4.5 × 1.5-2.5 mm, obtuse, midvein narrow, margin narrowly hyaline or not. Prophylls pale colored to yellowish brown or occasionally brown, oblong-ovate, 2.1-3 × 1-1.4 mm, hyaline to very thinly membranous, usually without keels and veins, rarely obscurely keeled, margins free to base. Nutlets brown or dark brown, oblong or narrowly ovoid-oblong, flattened-trigonous, slightly shorter than prophylls, 1.5-2.5(-3) × 1-1.4 mm, very shortly stipitate, shortly beaked. Stigmas 3. Fl. and fr. May-Aug.
● Alpine swampy meadows, weedy plains, marshes, riversides; 2500-4600 m. Gansu, Qinghai, Sichuan, Xinjiang, Xizang.
This species is distinguished from Kobresia capillifolia with difficulty: the culm is wider, and longer in relation to the leaves, and the spike is shorter in proportion to breadth, and much shorter in proportion to the length of the culm (resembling an Eleocharis).This species is distinguished from Kobresia capillifolia with difficulty: the culm is wider, and longer in relation to the leaves, and the spike is shorter in proportion to breadth, and much shorter in proportion to the length of the culm (resembling an Eleocharis).

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