翅果菊Pterocypsela indica (Linn.) Shih

别名：鞑靼苦菜;苦荬;苦麻菜;苦荬菜;鹅食菜;苦芥菜;山蒿苣;燕尾儿;鸭子菜;山窝苣;苦苣;山芥菜;英仔草;野大烟;满天星;蒙山莴苣;短喙莴苣;蒲公英;山莴苣;苦菜;马尾丝;苦马菜;山鸭子食;驴干粮;山生菜;土莴苣;土洋参;鹅仔草;窝人参;伊达日阿;鸭子食;燕尾;野生菜;野莴苣;苦马地丁;蝴蝶菜;驴子粮;大尖刀;白龙头;金刀七;一支箭;猪人参;苦麻;一枝蒿;大金刀;Indian lettuce;

科名：菊科 Compositae

属名：翅果菊属 Pterocypsela

《中国植物志》第80(1)卷229页
  4.翅果菊 山莴苣，苦莴苣（江西），山马草（广东），野莴苣（海南植物志）
  Pterocypsela indica(L.) Shih in Act. Phytotax. Sin. 26: 387. 1988; 安徽植物志4: 637.1991. ——Lactuca indica L., Mant. 278. 1771; DC., Prodr. 7: 136. 1838; Gagnep. in Lecomte, Fl. Gen. Indo-Chin. 3: 654. 1924; Ling in Contr. Inst. Bot. Nat. Acad. Peiping 3: 187. 1935, p. p.; Merrill in Bot. Mag. Tokyo 51: 192-196. 1937 et in Journ. Arn. Arb. 19: 373. 1938; Nakai in Bull. Nat. Sci. Mus. Tokyo 31: 121. 1952; Kitam. in Mem. Coll. Sci. Univ. Kyoto Ser B. 23: 136. 1956; 刘慎谔等, 东北植物检索表436.1959; 侯宽昭等, 广州植物志555.1959; 裴鉴等, 江苏南部种子植物手册709. 1959; Kirp. in Fl. URSS 29: 296. 1964; S. Y. Hu in Quart. Journ. Taiwan Mus. 20(1-2): 22. 1967; Lauener in Notes Royal Bot. Gard. Edinb. 34: 394. 1976; 贵州植物志9: 366. 1989. ——Prenanthes squarosa Thunb., Fl. Jap. 303. 1784.——Lactuca brevirostris Champ. in Hook. Journ. Bot. Kew Gard. Misc. 4: 237. 1852; Benth., Fl. Hongk. 192. 1861; C. B. Clarke, Comp. Ind. 265. 1876; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. Ind. 3: 405. 1881; Forbes et Hemsl. in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 23: 479. 1888; Diels in Bot. Jahrb. Engler 29: 613. 1901; 海南植物志3: 425, 1974.——L. amurensis Rgl. et Maxim. ex Rgl. in Ind. Sem. Hort. Petrop. 42. 1857; Maxim. in Mem. Acad. Petersb. div. Sav. 9: 178. 1859. ——Brachyramphus sinicus Miq. in Journ. Bot. Neerl. 1: 105. 1861. ——Lactuca squarosa (Thunb.) Miq. in Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd. -Bat. 2: 189. 1865. ——L. squarosa (Thunb.) Miq. f. indivisa Maxim. in Bull. Acad. Sc. St. Petersb. 19: 526. 1874. ——L. brevirostris Champ. var. foliis indivisis Hemsl. In Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 23: 480. 1888.——L. squarrosa (Thunb.) Miq. var. integrifolia Kom. et var. dentata Komar. in Act. Hort. Petrop. 25: 779. 1907.——L. cavaleriei Levl. in Fedde, Rep. Sp. Nov. 8: 450. 1910 et Fl. Kouy-Tcheou 99. 1914 et Cat. Pl. Yunnan 46, 1915.——L. kouyangensis Levl. in Fedde, Rep. Sp. Nov. 8: 450. 1910; Dunn in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 39: 461. 1911; S. Y. Hu in Quart. Journ. Taiwan Mus. 20(1-2): 23. 1967. ——L.indica L. var. foliis indivisis(Hemsl.) Ling in Contr. Inst. Bot. Peiping 3: 187. 1935. ——L. indica L. f. indivisa(Maxim.) Hara, Emum. Spermat. Jap. 2: 220. 1952. ——L. indica L. var. dentata (Kom.) Chu in东北植物检索表438. 1959. nom. nud.
  一年生或二年生草本，根垂直直伸，生多数须根。茎直立，单生，高0.4-2米，基部直径3-10毫米，上部圆锥状或总状圆锥状分枝，全部茎枝无毛。全部茎叶线形，中部茎叶长达21厘米或过之，宽0.5-1厘米，边缘大部全缘或仅基部或中部以下两侧边缘有小尖头或稀疏细锯齿或尖齿，或全部茎叶线状长椭圆形、长椭圆形或倒披针状长椭圆形，中下部茎叶长13-22厘米，宽1.5-3厘米，边缘有稀疏的尖齿或几全缘或全部茎叶椭圆形，中下部茎叶长15-20厘米，宽6-8厘米，边缘有三角形锯齿或偏斜卵状大齿；全部茎叶顶端长渐急尖或渐尖，基部楔形渐狭，无柄，两面无毛。头状花序果期卵球形，多数沿茎枝顶端排成圆锥花序或总状圆锥花序。总苞长1.5厘米，宽9毫米，总苞片4层，外层卵形或长卵形，长3-3. 5毫米，宽1.5-2毫米，顶端急尖或钝，中内层长披针或线状披针形，长1厘米或过之，宽1-2毫米，顶端钝或圆形，全部苞片边缘染紫红色。舌状小花25枚，黄色。瘦果椭圆形，长3-5毫米，宽1.5-2毫米，黑色，压扁，边缘有宽翅，顶端急尖或渐尖成0.5-1.5毫米细或稍粗的喙，每面有1条细纵脉纹。冠毛2层，白色，几单毛状，长8毫米。花果期4-11月。
  分布北京、吉林（安图）、河北（具体地点不详）、陕西（略阳）、山东（烟台）、江苏（无锡）、安徽（全椒、舒城）、浙江（杭州、昌化）、江西（遂川）、湖北（合丰）、湖南（保靖、新宁、武岗、宜章）、广东（乐昌）、海南（保亭、澄迈）、四川（广汉、绵阳、万源）、贵州（习水、遵义、江口、兴义、贵阳）、云南（金屏、西畴）、西藏（墨脱）。生于山谷、山坡林缘及林下、灌丛中或水沟边、山坡草地或田间。俄罗斯东西伯利及远东地区、日本、菲律宾、印度尼西亚与印度西北部有分布。模式标本采自印度尼西亚瓜哇。

《Flora of China》 Vol. 20-21 (2011)
Lactuca indica  Linnaeus Mant. Pl. 2: 278. 1771.
翅果菊   chi guo ju
Brachyramphus sinicus Miquel; Lactuca amurensis Regel & Maximowicz ex Regel; L. brevirostris Champion ex Bentham; L. cavaleriei H. Léveillé; L. indica f. indivisa (Maximowicz) H. Hara; L. indica f. runcinata (Maximowicz) Kitamura; L. kouyangensis H. Léveillé; L. laciniata (Houttuyn) Makino (1903), not Roth (1797); L. squarrosa (Thunberg) Miquel; L. squarrosa var. dentata Komarov; L. squarrosa f. indivisa Maximowicz; L. squarrosa var. integrifolia Komarov; L. squarrosa var. laciniata (Houttuyn) Kuntze; L. squarrosa f. runcinata Maximowicz; L. squarrosa var. runcinatopinnatifida Komarov; Prenanthes laciniata Houttuyn; P. squarrosa Thunberg; Pterocypsela indica (Linnaeus) C. Shih; P. laciniata (Houttuyn) C. Shih.
Herbs 0.4-2 m tall, annual or perennial. Roots narrowly thickened. Stem solitary, stout, erect, branched apically, glabrous. Lower and middle stem leaves 13-37 × 0.5-20 cm, glabrous, base semiamplexicaul to weakly amplexicaul, margin entire or sparsely dentate, apex obtuse to acuminate; shape and incision extremely variable; shape ranging from linear-lanceolate, linear-elliptic, lanceolate, spatulate, to elliptic; incision ranging from entire, pinnatifid, deeply pinnatifid, to bipinnatifid, with segments mostly narrow, linear, falcate, triangular-lanceolate, or elliptic, apex acute to acuminate. Upper leaves smaller, linear-lanceolate, linear, or elliptic, less incised to entire. Synflorescence paniculiform to racemiform-paniculiform, with numerous capitula. Capitula with usually 20-30 florets. Involucre cylindric, 1-1.1 cm at anthesis, 1.2-1.5 × 0.6-0.8 cm in fruit. Phyllaries usually with a purplish margin, apex usually obtuse to rounded; outer phyllaries ovate to lanceolate, longest ca. 6 × 1.5-2 mm; inner phyllaries 8. Florets pale yellow, bluish purple on drying. Achene 3-5 mm; body reddish brown, dark brown, or blackish brown, ellipsoid, compressed, broadly winged, 1.2-2.5 mm wide, with 1 prominent rib on either side, apically contracted into an apically pale to greenish subfiliform 0.4-1.6 mm beak. Pappus 7-8 mm, caducous. Fl. and fr. Apr-Nov. 2n = 18*.
Mountain valleys, forests, forest margins, thickets, ravines, grasslands, fields, wastelands; 200-3000 m. Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Bhutan, India, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Philippines, E Russia, Thailand, Vietnam; introduced elsewhere].
Lactuca indica is one of the commonest species of tribe Cichorieae in China. Leaf shape shows a similarly strong variation as that in L. raddeana and is in a quite similar way ± continuous. Leaf shape is therefore not suitable for species delimitation in this group of species. In China, L. indica also shows considerable variation in achene beak length; therefore, the differences with L. formosana are sometimes not so clear-cut. See note under the latter species.Lactuca indica is one of the commonest species of tribe Cichorieae in China. Leaf shape shows a similarly strong variation as that in L. raddeana and is in a quite similar way ± continuous. Leaf shape is therefore not suitable for species delimitation in this group of species. In China, L. indica also shows considerable variation in achene beak length; therefore, the differences with L. formosana are sometimes not so clear-cut. See note under the latter species.